Judges 20

Passage overview

Judges chapter 20 addresses a major crisis that arose within the Israelite community—specifically, the horrific crimes committed by the residents of Gibeah, a town in the tribe of Benjamin, and the response of all the tribes of Israel to those crimes. After the incident that began in chapter 19 (the Levite’s concubine being killed in Gibeah), the eleven tribes of Israel gather to seek God’s will, and then resolve to punish the town of Gibeah. This chapter shows the collective responsibility of the Israelite community for wrongdoing, conflicts between tribes, and the difficulties encountered in the process of carrying out justice.

1verseThen all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation was assembled as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba, with the land of Gilead, to the LORD at Mizpah.

2verseThe chiefs of all the people, even of all the tribes of Israel, presented themselves in the assembly of the people of God, four hundred thousand footmen who drew sword.

3verse(Now the children of Benjamin heard that the children of Israel had gone up to Mizpah.) The children of Israel said, “Tell us, how did this wickedness happen?”

4verseThe Levite, the husband of the woman who was murdered, answered, “I came into Gibeah that belongs to Benjamin, I and my concubine, to spend the night.

5verseThe men of Gibeah rose against me, and surrounded the house by night. They intended to kill me and they raped my concubine, and she is dead.

6verseI took my concubine and cut her in pieces, and sent her throughout all the country of the inheritance of Israel; for they have committed lewdness and folly in Israel.

7verseBehold, you children of Israel, all of you, give here your advice and counsel.”

8verseAll the people arose as one man, saying, “None of us will go to his tent, neither will any of us turn to his house.

9verseBut now this is the thing which we will do to Gibeah: we will go up against it by lot;

10verseand we will take ten men of one hundred throughout all the tribes of Israel, and one hundred of one thousand, and a thousand out of ten thousand to get food for the people, that they may do, when they come to Gibeah of Benjamin, according to all the folly that the men of Gibeah have done in Israel.”

11verseSo all the men of Israel were gathered against the city, knit together as one man.

12verseThe tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin, saying, “What wickedness is this that has happened among you?

13verseNow therefore deliver up the men, the wicked fellows who are in Gibeah, that we may put them to death and put away evil from Israel.” But Benjamin would not listen to the voice of their brothers, the children of Israel.

14verseThe children of Benjamin gathered themselves together out of the cities to Gibeah, to go out to battle against the children of Israel.

15verseThe children of Benjamin were counted on that day out of the cities twenty-six thousand men who drew the sword, in addition to the inhabitants of Gibeah, who were counted seven hundred chosen men.

16verseAmong all these soldiers there were seven hundred chosen men who were left-handed. Every one of them could sling a stone at a hair and not miss.

17verseThe men of Israel, besides Benjamin, were counted four hundred thousand men who drew sword. All these were men of war.

18verseThe children of Israel arose, went up to Bethel, and asked counsel of God. They asked, “Who shall go up for us first to battle against the children of Benjamin?” The LORD said, “Judah first.”

19verseThe children of Israel rose up in the morning and encamped against Gibeah.

20verseThe men of Israel went out to battle against Benjamin; and the men of Israel set the battle in array against them at Gibeah.

21verseThe children of Benjamin came out of Gibeah, and on that day destroyed twenty-two thousand of the Israelite men down to the ground.

22verseThe people, the men of Israel, encouraged themselves, and set the battle again in array in the place where they set themselves in array the first day.

23verseThe children of Israel went up and wept before the LORD until evening; and they asked of the LORD, saying, “Shall I again draw near to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother?” The LORD said, “Go up against him.”

24verseThe children of Israel came near against the children of Benjamin the second day.

25verseBenjamin went out against them out of Gibeah the second day, and destroyed down to the ground of the children of Israel again eighteen thousand men. All these drew the sword.

26verseThen all the children of Israel and all the people went up, and came to Bethel, and wept, and sat there before the LORD, and fasted that day until evening; then they offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before the LORD.

27verseThe children of Israel asked the LORD (for the ark of the covenant of God was there in those days,

28verseand Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, stood before it in those days), saying, “Shall I yet again go out to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother, or shall I cease?” The LORD said, “Go up; for tomorrow I will deliver him into your hand.”

29verseIsrael set ambushes all around Gibeah.

30verseThe children of Israel went up against the children of Benjamin on the third day, and set themselves in array against Gibeah, as at other times.

31verseThe children of Benjamin went out against the people, and were drawn away from the city; and they began to strike and kill of the people as at other times, in the highways, of which one goes up to Bethel and the other to Gibeah, in the field, about thirty men of Israel.

32verseThe children of Benjamin said, “They are struck down before us, as at the first.” But the children of Israel said, “Let’s flee, and draw them away from the city to the highways.”

33verseAll the men of Israel rose up out of their place and set themselves in array at Baal Tamar. Then the ambushers of Israel broke out of their place, even out of Maareh Geba.

34verseTen thousand chosen men out of all Israel came over against Gibeah, and the battle was severe; but they didn’t know that disaster was close to them.

35verseThe LORD struck Benjamin before Israel; and the children of Israel destroyed of Benjamin that day twenty-five thousand one hundred men. All these drew the sword.

36verseSo the children of Benjamin saw that they were struck, for the men of Israel yielded to Benjamin because they trusted the ambushers whom they had set against Gibeah.

37verseThe ambushers hurried, and rushed on Gibeah; then the ambushers spread out, and struck all the city with the edge of the sword.

38verseNow the appointed sign between the men of Israel and the ambushers was that they should make a great cloud of smoke rise up out of the city.

39verseThe men of Israel turned in the battle, and Benjamin began to strike and kill of the men of Israel about thirty persons; for they said, “Surely they are struck down before us, as in the first battle.”

40verseBut when the cloud began to arise up out of the city in a pillar of smoke, the Benjamites looked behind them; and behold, the whole city went up in smoke to the sky.

41verseThe men of Israel turned, and the men of Benjamin were dismayed; for they saw that disaster had come on them.

42verseTherefore they turned their backs before the men of Israel to the way of the wilderness, but the battle followed hard after them; and those who came out of the cities destroyed them in the middle of it.

43verseThey surrounded the Benjamites, chased them, and trod them down at their resting place, as far as near Gibeah toward the sunrise.

44verseEighteen thousand men of Benjamin fell; all these were men of valor.

45verseThey turned and fled toward the wilderness to the rock of Rimmon. They gleaned five thousand men of them in the highways, and followed hard after them to Gidom, and struck two thousand men of them.

46verseSo that all who fell that day of Benjamin were twenty-five thousand men who drew the sword. All these were men of valor.

47verseBut six hundred men turned and fled toward the wilderness to the rock of Rimmon, and stayed in the rock of Rimmon four months.

48verseThe men of Israel turned again on the children of Benjamin, and struck them with the edge of the sword—including the entire city, the livestock, and all that they found. Moreover they set all the cities which they found on fire.

Structure and Flow

  • 20:1-11: All the tribes of Israel gather at Mizpah, hear about the situation involving the crime, and demand that the tribe of Benjamin hand over the offenders.
  • 20:12-17: The tribe of Benjamin refuses the request, and an atmosphere of war begins to form.
  • 20:18-28: Israel asks God and then suffers defeats in two consecutive battles. Only after asking a third time do they receive a promise of victory.
  • 20:29-48: In the third battle, Israel wins, but the town of Gibeah, its residents, and the tribe of Benjamin end up suffering severe losses.

Overall Meaning

This incident is not merely a civil war between tribes; it clearly reveals how severely God’s law and justice had collapsed within Israelite society at the time. The crime of one tribe spreads into an issue for the entire community, and while they seek God and try to resolve it, they experience repeated failure and enormous sacrifice along the way. It exposes the Israelite community’s deep struggle with unity and justice, as well as the limits of human enforcement.

Points for Reflection

  • Even if we say we are seeking God’s will, if true repentance and obedience are not present, we may experience unexpected failures and difficulties.
  • We need to think about who should take responsibility for the community’s sins, how that responsibility should be borne, and how far the execution of justice can be permitted.

Applying to Myself

  • I can reflect on whether I stay silent or turn away from wrongdoing around me, rather than addressing it.
  • When facing difficult problems, I need to learn the attitude of living that first honestly seeks God’s will, and even amid failure, clings to God more deeply.