Numbers 21

Passage overview

Numbers 21 contains several important events from Israel’s continuing wilderness journey. It opens with victory over the Canaanite king of Arad, then records the people’s complaint and the bronze serpent, followed by travel notices, a song concerning the well, and victories over Sihon king of the Amorites and Og king of Bashan. The chapter brings together complaint, judgment, mercy, journey, and victory.

1verseThe Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South, heard that Israel came by the way of Atharim. He fought against Israel, and took some of them captive.

2verseIsrael vowed a vow to the LORD, and said, “If you will indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities.”

3verseThe LORD listened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities. The name of the place was called Hormah.

4verseThey traveled from Mount Hor by the way to the Red Sea, to go around the land of Edom. The soul of the people was very discouraged because of the journey.

5verseThe people spoke against God and against Moses: “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no bread, there is no water, and our soul loathes this disgusting food!”

6verseThe LORD sent venomous snakes among the people, and they bit the people. Many people of Israel died.

7verseThe people came to Moses, and said, “We have sinned, because we have spoken against the LORD and against you. Pray to the LORD, that he take away the serpents from us.” Moses prayed for the people.

8verseThe LORD said to Moses, “Make a venomous snake, and set it on a pole. It shall happen that everyone who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live.”

9verseMoses made a serpent of bronze, and set it on the pole. If a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked at the serpent of bronze, he lived.

10verseThe children of Israel traveled, and encamped in Oboth.

11verseThey traveled from Oboth, and encamped at Iyeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrise.

12verseFrom there they traveled, and encamped in the valley of Zered.

13verseFrom there they traveled, and encamped on the other side of the Arnon, which is in the wilderness that comes out of the border of the Amorites; for the Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.

14verseTherefore it is said in The Book of the Wars of the LORD, “Vaheb in Suphah, the valleys of the Arnon,

15versethe slope of the valleys that incline toward the dwelling of Ar, leans on the border of Moab.”

16verseFrom there they traveled to Beer; that is the well of which the LORD said to Moses, “Gather the people together, and I will give them water.”

17verseThen Israel sang this song: “Spring up, well! Sing to it,

18versethe well, which the princes dug, which the nobles of the people dug, with the scepter, and with their poles.” From the wilderness they traveled to Mattanah;

19verseand from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth;

20verseand from Bamoth to the valley that is in the field of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looks down on the desert.

21verseIsrael sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,

22verse“Let me pass through your land. We will not turn away into field or vineyard. We will not drink of the water of the wells. We will go by the king’s highway, until we have passed your border.”

23verseSihon would not allow Israel to pass through his border, but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness, and came to Jahaz. He fought against Israel.

24verseIsrael struck him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, even to the children of Ammon; for the border of the children of Ammon was fortified.

25verseIsrael took all these cities. Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages.

26verseFor Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even to the Arnon.

27verseTherefore those who speak in proverbs say, “Come to Heshbon. Let the city of Sihon be built and established;

28versefor a fire has gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has devoured Ar of Moab, The lords of the high places of the Arnon.

29verseWoe to you, Moab! You are undone, people of Chemosh! He has given his sons as fugitives, and his daughters into captivity, to Sihon king of the Amorites.

30verseWe have shot at them. Heshbon has perished even to Dibon. We have laid waste even to Nophah, Which reaches to Medeba.”

31verseThus Israel lived in the land of the Amorites.

32verseMoses sent to spy out Jazer. They took its villages, and drove out the Amorites who were there.

33verseThey turned and went up by the way of Bashan. Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.

34verseThe LORD said to Moses, “Don’t fear him, for I have delivered him into your hand, with all his people, and his land. You shall do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived at Heshbon.”

35verseSo they struck him, with his sons and all his people, until there were no survivors; and they possessed his land.

Victory over the Canaanites (Verses 1–3)

When the Canaanite king of Arad attacks Israel and takes some captives, Israel makes a vow to the LORD. God gives the Canaanites into Israel’s hand, and the place is named Hormah. This opening scene contrasts with earlier failures by showing Israel seeking God’s help and receiving victory.

The Bronze Serpent Incident (Verses 4–9)

As the people travel by the way to the Red Sea to go around Edom, they become impatient and speak against God and Moses. Venomous serpents come among them, and many die. When the people confess their sin, Moses intercedes, and God instructs him to make a bronze serpent and set it on a pole. Whoever is bitten and looks at it lives. The passage shows judgment, intercession, and a divinely provided means of healing.

Journey and Victories (Verses 10–35)

The chapter then lists stages in Israel’s journey, including Oboth, Iye-abarim, the Valley of Zered, and the region of the Arnon. It also records victories over Sihon king of the Amorites and Og king of Bashan. These victories show Israel moving closer to the land and experiencing God’s protection despite earlier failures.

Reflection Points

  • Instead of allowing hardship to turn into resentment, reflect on how to bring difficulty before God truthfully.
  • The bronze serpent invites reflection on responding to God’s provided remedy with trust and humility.
  • Remember that progress in life often includes both discipline and mercy, both struggle and provision.

Try Applying It to Yourself

  • When frustration or impatience rises, examine whether your speech is becoming resentful or destructive.
  • Look back on moments when help or restoration came in an unexpected but simple way.
  • Practice gratitude for guidance and protection along the journey, not only after reaching the destination.