1 Samuel 20

Passage overview

1 Samuel 20 covers the deep friendship between David and Jonathan and the escalation of King Saul’s anger toward David. David, convinced that Saul intends to harm him, flees for safety, while Jonathan initially refuses to believe his father’s true intentions. The two devise a plan to confirm Saul’s wishes and set signals to communicate with each other. In the end, Saul’s rage makes it clear that Saul plans to kill David, and Jonathan and David are forced to part with tears.

1verseDavid fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said to Jonathan, “What have I done? What is my iniquity? What is my sin before your father, that he seeks my life?”

2verseHe said to him, “Far from it; you will not die. Behold, my father does nothing either great or small, but that he discloses it to me. Why would my father hide this thing from me? It is not so.”

3verseDavid swore moreover, and said, “Your father knows well that I have found favor in your eyes; and he says, ‘Don’t let Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved;’ but truly as the LORD lives, and as your soul lives, there is but a step between me and death.”

4verseThen Jonathan said to David, “Whatever your soul desires, I will even do it for you.”

5verseDavid said to Jonathan, “Behold, tomorrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to dine with the king; but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field to the third day at evening.

6verseIf your father misses me at all, then say, ‘David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem, his city; for it is the yearly sacrifice there for all the family.’

7verseIf he says, ‘It is well,’ your servant shall have peace; but if he is angry, then know that evil is determined by him.

8verseTherefore deal kindly with your servant, for you have brought your servant into a covenant of the LORD with you; but if there is iniquity in me, kill me yourself, for why should you bring me to your father?”

9verseJonathan said, “Far be it from you; for if I should at all know that evil were determined by my father to come on you, then wouldn’t I tell you that?”

10verseThen David said to Jonathan, “Who will tell me if your father answers you roughly?”

11verseJonathan said to David, “Come! Let’s go out into the field.” They both went out into the field.

12verseJonathan said to David, “By the LORD, the God of Israel, when I have sounded out my father about this time tomorrow, or the third day, behold, if there is good toward David, won’t I then send to you and disclose it to you?

13verseThe LORD do so to Jonathan and more also, should it please my father to do you evil, if I don’t disclose it to you and send you away, that you may go in peace. May the LORD be with you as he has been with my father.

14verseYou shall not only show me the loving kindness of the LORD while I still live, that I not die;

15versebut you shall also not cut off your kindness from my house forever, no, not when the LORD has cut off every one of the enemies of David from the surface of the earth.”

16verseSo Jonathan made a covenant with David’s house, saying, “The LORD will require it at the hand of David’s enemies.”

17verseJonathan caused David to swear again, for the love that he had for him; for he loved him as he loved his own soul.

18verseThen Jonathan said to him, “Tomorrow is the new moon, and you will be missed, because your seat will be empty.

19verseWhen you have stayed three days, go down quickly and come to the place where you hid yourself when this started, and remain by the stone Ezel.

20verseI will shoot three arrows on its side, as though I shot at a mark.

21verseBehold, I will send the boy, saying, ‘Go, find the arrows!’ If I tell the boy, ‘Behold, the arrows are on this side of you. Take them;’ then come, for there is peace to you and no danger, as the LORD lives.

22verseBut if I say this to the boy, ‘Behold, the arrows are beyond you,’ then go your way, for the LORD has sent you away.

23verseConcerning the matter which you and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD is between you and me forever.”

24verseSo David hid himself in the field. When the new moon had come, the king sat himself down to eat food.

25verseThe king sat on his seat, as at other times, even on the seat by the wall; and Jonathan stood up, and Abner sat by Saul’s side, but David’s place was empty.

26verseNevertheless Saul didn’t say anything that day, for he thought, “Something has happened to him. He is not clean. Surely he is not clean.”

27verseOn the next day after the new moon, the second day, David’s place was empty. Saul said to Jonathan his son, “Why didn’t the son of Jesse come to eat, either yesterday, or today?”

28verseJonathan answered Saul, “David earnestly asked permission of me to go to Bethlehem.

29verseHe said, ‘Please let me go, for our family has a sacrifice in the city. My brother has commanded me to be there. Now, if I have found favor in your eyes, please let me go away and see my brothers.’ Therefore he has not come to the king’s table.”

30verseThen Saul’s anger burned against Jonathan, and he said to him, “You son of a perverse rebellious woman, don’t I know that you have chosen the son of Jesse to your own shame, and to the shame of your mother’s nakedness?

31verseFor as long as the son of Jesse lives on the earth, you will not be established, nor will your kingdom. Therefore now send and bring him to me, for he shall surely die!”

32verseJonathan answered Saul his father, and said to him, “Why should he be put to death? What has he done?”

33verseSaul cast his spear at him to strike him. By this Jonathan knew that his father was determined to put David to death.

34verseSo Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and ate no food the second day of the month; for he was grieved for David, because his father had treated him shamefully.

35verseIn the morning, Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little boy with him.

36verseHe said to his boy, “Run, find now the arrows which I shoot.” As the boy ran, he shot an arrow beyond him.

37verseWhen the boy had come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the boy, and said, “Isn’t the arrow beyond you?”

38verseJonathan cried after the boy, “Go fast! Hurry! Don’t delay!” Jonathan’s boy gathered up the arrows, and came to his master.

39verseBut the boy didn’t know anything. Only Jonathan and David knew the matter.

40verseJonathan gave his weapons to his boy, and said to him, “Go, carry them to the city.”

41verseAs soon as the boy was gone, David arose out of the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times. They kissed one another and wept with one another, and David wept the most.

42verseJonathan said to David, “Go in peace, because we have both sworn in the LORD’s name, saying, ‘The LORD is between me and you, and between my offspring and your offspring, forever.’” He arose and departed; and Jonathan went into the city.

Main Structure and Flow

DivisionContent
Verses 1–11Conversation between David and Jonathan: making plans to confirm Saul’s intentions
Verses 12–23The promised signal and the covenant of the two (emphasizing loyalty, trust, and friendship)
Verses 24–34The king’s meal: Saul’s anger at David’s absence and Jonathan’s loyalty
Verses 35–42Arrow signal, David’s escape, and a moving farewell

The Core Meaning of the Passage

1 Samuel 20 invites reflection on the courage to choose what is right even amid human loyalty, friendship, trust, and difficult circumstances. The close relationship between David and Jonathan shows how a covenant made before God can also produce deep trust and responsibility in human relationships. At the same time, it also reveals the conflicts and sorrow experienced by those around them when someone in authority is led down an improper path by personal desire or fear.

Points to Ponder

  • Where does the courage come from to keep unchanging friendship even in precarious circumstances, and what kind of relationship do I have with the people around me?
  • When truth and justice bring danger, how much do I choose to stand on the side of truth?

Try Applying It to Me

  • In my own life, am I a friend I can trust and a source of strength for someone the way Jonathan was?
  • It’s worth checking how seriously I value and try to keep my commitments before God and the right relationships in difficult circumstances.