1 Kings 12

Passage overview

1 Kings 12 is an important turning point in Israel’s history, when, after Solomon’s death, the kingdom is divided into the southern kingdom of Judah (Judah and Benjamin) and the northern kingdom of Israel (the remaining ten tribes). This chapter can be understood in three parts: Rehoboam’s failure, the circumstances that led to the division of the kingdom, and Jeroboam’s rise to power along with his policy of idol worship.

1verseRehoboam went to Shechem, for all Israel had come to Shechem to make him king.

2verseWhen Jeroboam the son of Nebat heard of it (for he was yet in Egypt, where he had fled from the presence of King Solomon, and Jeroboam lived in Egypt;

3verseand they sent and called him), Jeroboam and all the assembly of Israel came, and spoke to Rehoboam, saying,

4verse“Your father made our yoke difficult. Now therefore make the hard service of your father, and his heavy yoke which he put on us, lighter, and we will serve you.”

5verseHe said to them, “Depart for three days, then come back to me.” So the people departed.

6verseKing Rehoboam took counsel with the old men who had stood before Solomon his father while he yet lived, saying, “What counsel do you give me to answer these people?”

7verseThey replied, “If you will be a servant to this people today, and will serve them, and answer them with good words, then they will be your servants forever.”

8verseBut he abandoned the counsel of the old men which they had given him, and took counsel with the young men who had grown up with him, who stood before him.

9verseHe said to them, “What counsel do you give, that we may answer these people who have spoken to me, saying, ‘Make the yoke that your father put on us lighter’?”

10verseThe young men who had grown up with him said to him, “Tell these people who spoke to you, saying, ‘Your father made our yoke heavy, but make it lighter to us’—tell them, ‘My little finger is thicker than my father’s waist.

11verseNow my father burdened you with a heavy yoke, but I will add to your yoke. My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.’”

12verseSo Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam the third day, as the king asked, saying, “Come to me again the third day.”

13verseThe king answered the people roughly, and abandoned the counsel of the old men which they had given him,

14verseand spoke to them according to the counsel of the young men, saying, “My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add to your yoke. My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.”

15verseSo the king didn’t listen to the people; for it was a thing brought about from the LORD, that he might establish his word, which the LORD spoke by Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam the son of Nebat.

16verseWhen all Israel saw that the king didn’t listen to them, the people answered the king, saying, “What portion have we in David? We don’t have an inheritance in the son of Jesse. To your tents, Israel! Now see to your own house, David.” So Israel departed to their tents.

17verseBut as for the children of Israel who lived in the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them.

18verseThen King Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was over the men subject to forced labor; and all Israel stoned him to death with stones. King Rehoboam hurried to get himself up to his chariot, to flee to Jerusalem.

19verseSo Israel rebelled against David’s house to this day.

20verseWhen all Israel heard that Jeroboam had returned, they sent and called him to the congregation, and made him king over all Israel. There was no one who followed David’s house, except for the tribe of Judah only.

21verseWhen Rehoboam had come to Jerusalem, he assembled all the house of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin, a hundred and eighty thousand chosen men who were warriors, to fight against the house of Israel, to bring the kingdom again to Rehoboam the son of Solomon.

22verseBut the word of God came to Shemaiah the man of God, saying,

23verse“Speak to Rehoboam the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all the house of Judah and Benjamin, and to the rest of the people, saying,

24verse‘The LORD says, “You shall not go up or fight against your brothers, the children of Israel. Everyone return to his house; for this thing is from me.”’” So they listened to the LORD’s word, and returned and went their way, according to the LORD’s word.

25verseThen Jeroboam built Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim, and lived in it; and he went out from there and built Penuel.

26verseJeroboam said in his heart, “Now the kingdom will return to David’s house.

27verseIf this people goes up to offer sacrifices in the LORD’s house at Jerusalem, then the heart of this people will turn again to their lord, even to Rehoboam king of Judah; and they will kill me, and return to Rehoboam king of Judah.”

28verseSo the king took counsel, and made two calves of gold; and he said to them, “It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem. Look and behold your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt!”

29verseHe set the one in Bethel, and the other he put in Dan.

30verseThis thing became a sin, for the people went even as far as Dan to worship before the one there.

31verseHe made houses of high places, and made priests from among all the people, who were not of the sons of Levi.

32verseJeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day of the month, like the feast that is in Judah, and he went up to the altar. He did so in Bethel, sacrificing to the calves that he had made, and he placed in Bethel the priests of the high places that he had made.

33verseHe went up to the altar which he had made in Bethel on the fifteenth day in the eighth month, even in the month which he had devised of his own heart; and he ordained a feast for the children of Israel, and went up to the altar to burn incense.

The Division of Israel (Verses 1-20)

Rehoboam succeeds his father Solomon and takes the throne. The tribes in the north ask for relief from heavy taxes and forced labor, but Rehoboam ignores the advice of the elders and responds decisively following the harsh counsel of his younger officials. In the end, the ten tribes of northern Israel do not accept him as king and instead make Jeroboam king. Through this, Israel is divided into two kingdoms.

Tension After the Division and God’s Intervention (Verses 21-24)

Rehoboam tries to recapture the north through civil war, but God sends the prophet Shemaiah and commands the people of Israel not to fight among themselves. Judah obeys this word and stops the war. This shows that God’s will governs history beyond human plans.

Jeroboam’s Religious Reforms and Their Limits (Verses 25-33)

After taking the throne, Jeroboam fears that the people will go down to worship at the temple in Jerusalem, so he sets up gold calf idols at Bethel and Dan. He also changes the religious system to suit his political aims, such as appointing priests among ordinary people and altering the festivals. This is an event that shakes the very essence of faith, and it becomes the beginning of spiritual confusion in northern Israel.

Points for Meditation

  • You can reflect on how much a leader’s decisions can affect the entire community.
  • Think about what outcomes result when faith is compromised out of human calculations or anxiety.
  • You can meditate on the idea that obedience sometimes means setting aside your own plans, through the obedience of Rehoboam’s army.

Try Applying It to Me

  • I will take one more careful look at how my decisions will affect the people around me.
  • I will choose to live prioritizing God’s will, without easily compromising the essence of faith because of circumstances.
  • I will learn an attitude of obedience by listening to God’s guidance more than my own will.